NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for the period ended 28 July 2018 E1 FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT (CONTINUED) (d) Fair value measurements (continued) The fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market (for example, over-the-counter derivatives) is determined using valuation techniques which maximise the use of observable market data and rely as little as possible on entity-specific estimates. The fair value of interest rate swaps is calculated as the present value of the estimated future cash flows. The fair value of forward exchange contracts is determined using forward exchange market rates at the end of the reporting period. These derivative financial instruments are included in level 2 as the significant inputs to fair value the instruments are observable. The carrying amounts of trade receivables and payables are assumed to approximate their fair values due to their short term nature. The fair value of financial liabilities for disclosure purposes is estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows at the current market interest rate that is available to the Group for similar financial instruments. Accounting policy Classification The Group classifies its investments in the following categories: financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, loans and receivables, held to maturity investments, and available for sale financial assets. The classification depends on the purpose for which the investments were acquired. Management determines the classification of its investments at initial recognition and, in the case of assets classified as held to maturity, re-evaluates this designation at the end of each reporting period. (i) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are financial assets held for trading which are acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the short term with the intention of making a profit. Derivatives are also categorised as held for trading unless they are designated as hedges. (ii) Loans and receivables Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They arise when the Group provides money, goods or services directly to a debtor with no intention of selling the receivable. They are included in current assets, except for those with maturities greater than 12 months after the reporting period, which are classified as non-current assets. Loans and receivables are included in receivables in the balance sheet (refer to note B1). (iii) Held to maturity investments Held to maturity investments are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturities that the Group’s management has the positive intention and ability to hold to maturity. (iv) Available for sale financial assets Available for sale financial assets are non-derivatives that are either designated in this category or not classified in any of the other categories. They are included in non-current assets unless management intends to dispose of the investment within 12 months of the end of the reporting period. Recognition and derecognition Purchases and sales of investments are recognised on trade-date, the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Investments are initially recognised at fair value plus transaction costs for all financial assets not carried at fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are initially recognised at fair value and transaction costs are expensed in profit or loss. Financial assets are derecognised when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. Measurement Available-for-sale financial assets and financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently carried at fair value, unless they are equity securities that do not have a market price quoted in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured. In that case they are carried at cost. Loans and receivables and held to maturity investments are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of the 'financial assets at fair value through profit or loss' category, including interest and dividend income, are presented in profit or loss within other income or other expenses in the period in which they arise. Changes in the fair value of monetary securities denominated in a foreign currency and classified as available-for-sale are analysed between translation differences resulting from changes in amortised cost of the security and other changes in the carrying amount of the security. The translation differences are recognised in profit or loss and other changes in carrying amount are recognised in equity. Changes in the fair value of other monetary and non-monetary securities classified as available-for-sale are recognised in equity. When securities classified as available-for-sale are sold or impaired, the accumulated fair value adjustments recognised in equity are included in profit or loss as gains and losses from investment securities. Details on how the fair value of financial instruments is determined are disclosed in note E1. Impairment The Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired. In the case of equity securities classified as available for sale, a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of a security below its cost is considered in determining whether the security is impaired. If any such evidence exists for available for sale financial assets, the cumulative loss - measured as the difference between the acquisition cost and the current fair value, less any impairment loss on that financial asset previously recognised in profit or loss - is reclassified from equity and recognised in profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment. Impairment losses recognised in profit or loss on equity instruments classified as available for sale are not reversed through profit or loss. 70 Myer Annual Report 2018