at Hardings Road draw from a confined aquifer which meets the Drinking Water Standards criteria for a ‘secure’ source. The water quality is generally good although levels of manganese are elevated above the aesthetic quality limits. Riverlands Reticulation The reticulation was upgraded in 2003 when the Cloudy Bay reservoir was linked to the Riverlands reservoir through a 375 mm PVC. A detailed dynamic model of the reticulation is not currently available but a simplified model and on-site flow and pressure tests indicate the pipework is sufficient for the anticipated demand. 3.3.7 Wairau Valley Sources The well has a design capacity of 19.7 l/s although the current resource consent limits the water take to 5.6 l/s. The surface pumps each have a duty of 3 l/s @ 700 kPa head and a maximum capacity of 6 l/s at reduced pressure. The pumps are required to lift the water 10 m to the township and deliver water at a pressure of 300 kPa at the property connection to meet the levels of service standards. The system capacity is limited to the pump capacity. Peak flows from the pumps reach 5.7 l/s @ 400 kPa head. 3.3.8 Wairau Valley Treatment and Reticulation The scheme has been designed to service a total of 55 properties. At present there are 51 properties connected to the supply but within the supply area there are undeveloped properties that have the potential for subdivision. Universal metering was introduced to Wairau Valley in 2007 and successfully reduced demand by around 40%. To extend the supply area would require a new consent, larger pump and an upgrading of the current 100-dia reticulation. Treatment is due to be upgraded to meet the DWSNZ in 2017/18. 3.4 Demand Management Plan Many areas of the World have found it necessary to investigate and implement non-asset solutions meet future water demand predictions. Population growth, climate change, pollution of water sources and infrastructure costs have contributed to the urgency to develop demand management strategies. New Zealand is in the fortunate position to be rich in fresh water resources, even so, some councils are looking to manage demand. Tauranga City Council and Kapiti Coast District Council have been prompted to instigate water management strategies in order to delay costly capital projects to develop additional sources of water. Some of the components of a comprehensive water management plan would include: Universal metering – metering of all customers is a proven, effective water management technique. Although the exact numbers can be variable universal metering can reduce the demand for water by 18% - 35%. Metering also has the merit of ‘user pays.’ Widely seen as a more equitable method of charging for water services. There are significant costs to fitting meters to every connection and there can be considerable practical difficulties on shared service pipes. There are on-going costs for maintenance, reading and billing. There are also issues around tariff structure to encourage water conservation without threatening public health. Pressure management - Reducing system pressures can reduce failures on pipes and fittings resulting in fewer leaks. Reducing the pressure also reduces the volume of water that escapes from faulty pipes. Pressure reduction is particularly relevant in areas of steep hill topography where system pressures need to be high to deliver water to the high properties. Page 49